Africa: home to us all

Who are we?     

Where do we come from?     

How did we populate the planet?

How does DNA help us figure out our evolutionary history?

Nicholas Wade’s book “Before the Dawn,” published in 2003 and based on DNA genome discoveries, solved many mysteries about our origin, according to Prof. Reginald Garrett, who teaches biology and nutrition around the world.

“Gorillas are 98% similar to us,” says Prof. Garrett and goes on to back up his information. Fossils show that hominid species (early human ancestors) were in Africa 6 million years ago. Neanderthals can be traced back 400,000 years. Comparison of the DNA in human mitochondria from women around the world suggests the existence of a common ancestor “Eve”, who is mother to us all.  Comparison of the DNA in human Y chromosomes from men around the world gives us ancestral “Adam”, who lived 90,000 years ago. The brain of an ancestral hominid, Homo Erectus, was three times the size of its previous ancestor, with the larger size in the cerebral cortex or frontal lobe allowing us unprecedented power to think and reason, far beyond the cognitive abilities of chimpanzees and gorillas.

We all originated in Africa. Early humans were hunters and gatherers who roamed widely.  About 50,000 years ago, a small group of ONLY 150 human beings migrated out of Northeast Africa. They continued southeast along the coast, reaching India and beyond. Later, some of these people turned back towards the northwest to the Levant, Babylonia, Mesopotamia, Asia Minor and onto Europe. Bone fragments found recently in Croatia, the Czech Republic – dating back 31,000 years – and the Alps are 99.84% identical to those found in Africa. 

Populating Asia, Australia and the Western Hemisphere, humans continued to roam. Some went east to China (Xian was the earliest settlement) while others found their way to Australia (Aborigines having retained their uniqueness, giving us solid evidence of how we looked thousands of years ago.)  The Western Hemisphere was settled by humans who traveled to the Americas via the Bering Sea only 13,000 years ago.

Many settled down to create urban environments, domesticating dogs and growing crops (especially barley from which they made beer). DNA also shows us that the default condition for humans is lactose intolerance. However, Caucasians and Northern Europeans cultivated dairy cattle, developing tolerance for milk and other dairy products.

Today’s Africa has:

• 1 billion people living in 54 countries. The latest is South Sudan, breaking away from Sudan in 2011.
• Ghana was the first country to declare its independence from colonial rule in 1957.

• Nigeria with 162 million citizens is largest country. Next is Ethiopia with 84 million. The Seychelles is the smallest with 86,000.

• 40% of Africans live in urban areas, while 60% are rural.

• There are 2100 languages spoken on the continent.

• Egypt had the most advanced civilization, as can be seen by the construction of the pyramids in 2500 BCE.

• The effect of the Atlantic Slave Trade is still being felt 150 years later. Africans admit, however, that indentured servitude existed before the arrival of foreigners.

Our Semester at Sea family is grateful to be visiting five ports in Africa where our ancestors came from.

Facing forward in Ghana

"We face neither East nor West; we face Forward." Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of the Republic of Ghana

Unfortunately, Ghana has a long way to go forward.

Also known as the Gold Coast, Ghana gained independence from British colonial rule in 1957, becoming the first Sub-Saharan African nation to do so. During the next 35 years, the military staged four coups. The political situation has been stable since 1992, but Ghana faces many economic and health problems. It has 24 million people of which 4 million live in Accra, the capital. There are 10 regions, 81 ethnic groups and with 65% of the population literate. Average life expectancy is 60 years, infant mortality is 51 per 1000 births, and the fertility rate is about 4 children per woman. (Families wait a week after birth before naming their children.) Attempts to improve the healthcare system are believed to be hampered by a high rate of corruption within Ghana’s Ministry of Health and other organizations. 

A global poll in 2012 found that Ghana was the most religious country in the world. 62% of the population is Christian (Pentecostal, Catholic and Mormon churches are plentiful in urban areas. Stickers on rear windows of cars declare “God is Good” “Jesus is Our Savior” etc.) 16% of the population are Muslim and live mostly in the northern parts of the country. The remainder are animists and have traditional tribal beliefs (eg the Ga tribe has a Fetish priest. There is a Shrine for a god of fertility and a shrine to put a curse on one's enemy.) Elders are highly respected and serve as priests or priestess.

The virgin coastline of Ghana is breathtakingly spectacular

Ghana is a beautiful tropical country with a long coastline. Among its natural wonders are Mole National Park, Paga crocodile pond, and Kakna national park. The country is rich in gold, cocoa and other agricultural goods. The government is allowing an American company to drill off shore for oil. Hopefully this will reduce the unemployment rate, which officially stands at 50%. 

We first stopped in Takoradi, a port used for exporting goods. This is where 12 million to 15 million slaves were transported to the New World (see Topy's impressions and photos). Tema, which is close to Accra, is a port for the import of goods. It is lined with thousands of containers that have to be transported on narrow and congested roads. Going 20 km took us 30 minutes in the morning but two hours on the return.

This is the residence of the president of the university 
which has a total enrollment of 34,000 in its three campuses

In Accra, we visited the final home and grave of American/African historian W.E.B. DuBois (more on him in another post). We drove through the huge and beautiful grounds of the University of Ghana and saw the museum and magnificent memorial to honor Kwame Nkrumah, the first president of the Republic (a friend of DuBois). Later, we stopped at a market where we were swamped by anxious merchants eager to sell their handicrafts. 

The temperature reached 105 degrees Fahrenheit and the humidity was at least 90%.  Even though our drive back took two hours, we were happy to be in an air-conditioned bus.

Walking into the Gulf of Guinea in Takoradi, Ghana, at the 

private beach at the Coconut Grove Resort where we had 

lunch: luxury in the middle of immense poverty

America’s loss, Ghana’s gain

W.E.B. Du Bois

"The  problem with the 20th century is the problem of the color-line." W.E.B. Du Bois. The Souls of Black Folk

William Edward Burghardt "W.E.B." Du Bois was an American sociologist, historian, civil rights activist, pan-Africanist, author and editor. Born in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, in 1868, Du Bois grew up in a relatively tolerant and integrated community. After graduating from Harvard, where he was the first African American to earn a doctorate, he became professor of history, sociology and economics at Atlanta University. He wrote dozens of books on African American culture and history.

He was one of the co-founders of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) 1909. Although Du Bois generally endorsed socialist principles, his politics were strictly pragmatic. He was a lifelong antiwar activist, but his efforts became more pronounced after World War II. In 1950, at the age of 82, Du Bois ran for U.S. Senator from New York on the American Labor Party ticket and received about 200,000 votes, or 4% of the statewide total. The U.S. government's anti-communist McCarthyism campaign targeted Du Bois because of his socialist leanings, and his visits to Russian and China further tarnished his image resulting in the revoking of his American passport. At age 93, he and his second wife, author Shirley Graham, settled in Ghana where Dubois became a close friend of President Nkrumah and where he wrote three volumes of a new encyclopedia of the African diaspora – the Encyclopedia Africana.

DuBois died on August 27, 1963, in Accra aged 95. He is buried near his home, which is now the Du Bois Memorial Center. The center has a collection of his books as well as hundreds of volumes he brought with him. The home is used as a conference center for Pan African causes. The day after his death, at the March on Washington, speaker Roy Wilkins asked the hundreds of thousands of marchers to honor Du Bois with a moment of silence. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, embodying many of the reforms Du Bois had campaigned for his entire life, was enacted a year after his death.

Seminars for Lifelong Learners

During my talk

While at sea, Lifelong Learners (LLLs) have an hourlong seminar every day at 4 p.m. Often a professor or an LLL lectures on a topic dear to his or her heart that would interest the other older travelers. We have had talks about memory retention, DNA advancements, canoeing challenges from Hawaii to Tahiti, volunteer work in orphanages in central Africa and more. I was asked to talk about memoir writing. Below are my notes, which might also inspire readers of my blog.

We all have a story to tell, especially at our age, having lived several decades, met many challenges and survived a tragedy or two. Why not record them? It does not matter whether you publish them or not.  Record them for your own pleasure or to pass down to your children and grandchildren. Writing non-fiction or historical fiction needs a lot of research, and writing fiction needs imagination. Writing your life story comes naturally. Here is my advice for any writer

1. Make writing a habit
Philip Roth had a great saying that amateurs wait for inspiration while great writers just get up and go to work. You have to sit down and write every day.

I got into a habit of writing at an early age.  I remember writing poetry in Turkish, my native tongue when I was in 4th or 5th Grade. I did not show them to anyone but got great satisfaction out of putting words on a piece of paper.

2. Make reading a habit
Make reading an important part of the day, especially reading works similar to what you want to publish.  Biographies, autobiographies and memoirs should be on everyone’s bookshelves.

I used to share a bedroom with my older sister and remember reading with a flashlight under the covers. My grandmother would make me read out loud to her. I used to think I’d rather be out playing with my sister and my cousin. But I could not refuse her when she’d say, “My eyes are tired. Why don’t you read to me?”  After each chapter, we would have a conversation about what I read. Looking back on it, these were such pleasant memories of bonding as well as a great introduction to one of life's biggest pleasures: reading.

3. Keep a journal
Keeping a journal helps focus your thinking and harness the chaos in your brain. This also makes you remember certain events that made a difference in your life.

I have kept a journal on and off all of my life. My earlier ones were in Turkish. Most of my entries were about my emotional state at the time. I seldom go back to read them, but I know that keeping them was great  training for my career in journalism.

4. Join or form a writing group of supportive people
Look around for writers’ workshops.  If you can find one with a good facilitator stick to it. If not get a few of your motivated friends to form one. Give it a structure. Take turns leading the discussion. Read what you wrote and ask for improvements.

I went to a lecture at a neighborhood Barnes and Noble store in Chicago about 10 years ago. Enid Powell had been a screenwriter for a day-time soap opera. She was talking about fiction writing, and I was inspired by what I heard. I had just retired from the travel business and was looking to do something with my time. So I joined her workshop. There were six or eight of us who met every Wednesday night for two hours in her condo two blocks away from my apartment. She would give us a 3 x 5 card and a key word such as “bread” or “mother” or “city” and let us write for two minutes about whatever came to our minds. You’d be surprised how interesting the results were. The remainder of the two hours would be devoted to hearing a chapter written by one or two participants. We would then critique what we heard, always in a positive and constructive way. Enid would use her green-ink pen to make notes on the margins of what we turned in. At 85, she is still going strong. I have recommended her classes to several of my friends. Our website is here. We have published books, collections of short stories on such topics as "Home Away from Home."

Two books helped me:  Bird by Bird by Anne Lamott, who tells you to take one subject at a time; and Your Life As a Story by Tristine Rainer, who gives you detailed guidance.

Your local lending library may have a writers group or a cultural center, such as one I know of in Chicago, may have workshops for senior citizens. Enrolling in a continued education class at a university is another possibility, though it would be costlier. You can also find expert help online.  Such as the one called Backspace, a group of accomplished writers that allows people of all levels to join at a moderate fee. It runs discussion groups and organises a conference in New York City every year. Its homepage provides you with 101 Best Websites for Writers.

After my writing took shape, I attended a week-long memoir class at the Writers Festival, held at the University of Iowa in Des Moines, which helped me put the final touches on my book. I was also lucky to have experienced editor friends look over the manuscript.

Topy Fiske on Ghana

This is a guest post by my cabin mate, the journalist Topy Fiske.

We were in Takoradi, Ghana, this week and visited Elmina castle (built by the Portuguese in 1482) and Cape Coast castle (built by the British in 1664), two hours away on the coast. At one time, there were 19 castles that were used as slave dungeons on what is now the Ghanaian coast, and most have crumbled into disrepair. The two we visited were grim. Worse than what you can ever imagine. I've seen dungeons and concentration camps before, but the horrific conditions in these "holding" dungeons supersede anything I've seen anywhere. The dead either were dumped into the sea or buried under the cobbles in the courtyards where large, unmarked graves still exist.

Above: Elmina, or "the mine" in Portuguese, was built in 1482, the largest and oldest castle in the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The Dutch  conquered it in 1637 and the British in 1807. Today fishing canoes come and go 

The anthropologist on board said at least 15 million people from the 16th through to the 19th centuries were transported to the New World via the Middle Passage, with Brazil receiving the most. In addition, at least 7 million people died during the voyage or while waiting for transport. Africans selling Africans; Portuguese, Dutch and British selling Africans; Arabs selling Africans; Africans trying to escape; indescribable abuses. 

Cape Coast castle carries a plaque noting that Michelle Obama's ancestors survived and passed through the "Door of No Return" from this very castle. This is the door through which those who survived this Hell were put onto ships in coffin-like spaces and sent to unknown places. President Obama and the First Lady visited this site in 2009, and another plaque commemorates their visit.

I'd like to share an inscription on another plaque that is imbedded into the walls of both places:

In Everlasting Memory of the Anguish of Our Ancestors
"May Those Who Died Rest in Peace
May Those Who Return Find Their Roots
May Humanity Never Again Perpetrate Such Injustice   Against Humanity
We, the Living, Vow to Uphold This"

In today's Ghana, the living conditions are severely substandard. Where to begin? Fifty-four countries in Africa, and this is supposed to be one of the best in sub-Saharan Africa. Broiled rats are sold for food in the market, and open sewers carry everything -- and I mean everything -- out of the markets into an open area near a lake used for washing and drinking. Vendors are very aggressive, and they continually touch you, putting bracelets on your arms, stopping you from moving ahead in narrow passageways, etc. Lots of pregnant young girls. Lots of people crowded into villages with mud huts and storage bins for housing. Lots of red earth. Lots of dust. Lots of women carrying heavy loads on their heads while swaddling infants on their backs. Lots of everything, including a new kind of servitude, economic as well, as oil companies and foreign investors reap profits from this mineral-rich country, leaving little behind. Even crew members say they don't like this port. Still, our tour guide was optimistic about the future and says that life today is better than it was 30 years ago.

This afternoon the temperature reached at least 105 Fahrenheit.

In the field

Field trips are an integral part of semester at sea, especially since most of the classes have an in-country component and 20 percent of the students' grades depends on participation in a field "lab." Everyone on board is eager to experience the culture in each port; some prefer to make their own arrangements but many book a Semester at Sea-sponsored trip.

The most expensive trip I took was to Victoria Falls in Zimbabwe and a safari in Botswana that cost about $2200. It included four flights, three nights at nice hotels, all meals, transportation, guide, entrance fees, visas,
tips and so on.

A great deal of work and effort go into planning these trips. There are at least half a dozen overnight trips at each port, most lasting four or five days and involving flights, trains and buses and boat rides. Many day trips start at 8 a.m. and some last until 10 p.m. Home stays, visits to orphanages, water-filtration plants, universities and government offices are among choices available to everyone. Many students and a dozen adults prefer to explore the countries on their own, staying away from group travel. I may have liked doing that when I was young, but having things planned and paid for in advance suits me just fine now.

Karen, on the far right, helped organise
this outing in Hong Kong

Karen Burns, our field office director, has two people helping her and a dozen work-study students who man the activities desk. "Dealing with different tour operators and customs officers are big challenges," she says. "We never know how long it will take for immigration officers to check everyone's visas and how much time to allot for the U.S.diplomats to give us a briefing upon arrival in various ports."

When she is not working for SAS, Karen runs a "turn around" business in Florida. This was her eighth trip with SAS, the first one was as a residential director in the 1980s. Karen works closely with reputable tour operators to plan and coordinate itineraries.

During the five days in India, we were offered 36 choices. Topy, I and 65 others chose the trip called "Trains, Palaces and Elephants," which included stops in the capital Delhi; Agra, home of the Taj Mahal; and Jaipur, or the "Pink City." This trip involved four flights since India is a huge country. We were divided into two groups of 33 or so in each. Other trips were called "Incredible India," "Imperial Agra & Varanasi" "Explore Cochin on Bicycles," cooking lessons, elephant rides, school visit and shopping, of course.

A liaison from among the faculty and staff keeps track of all the participants and is responsible for the smooth running of the trips. The tour operator plans the itinerary with instructions from the field office and arranges for the guides, some of whom hav been excellent). Since we are in each of these countries only for a few days, a lot is squeezed into our tours, and most of us are exhilarated and exhausted by the time we get back to our home, the Explorer.

Sharing our experiences at post-port discussions in the Union is eagerly anticipated. In the hour allotted to such meetings, two dozen students have a chance to tell their impressions, some eye-opening, many life-changing, always enlightening.  The most touching are personal connections young people make, some only with sign language and others with music and youthful curiosity.

Students' potential

It is amazing how creative and innovative students can be when motivated by their professors.

Professor John Girard teaches a Global Management class which includes field trips in many of the ports we visit. Part of students' grades depend on teams creating a business model and presenting it in class with four Lifelong Learners asking questions. Girard gives each team 10 minutes to present and five minutes to adults for questioning. Some of these projects are very ambitious, such as combating poverty, providing solar energy for electricity, motivational ways of recycling plastic and aluminium, eliminating air pollution and supplying clean water to villagers in impoverished countries.

From left: Judges Svend Westlund, me Richard  Resling 

and Susan Phelps listen to student proposals

I served on a panel of four judging four teams of students present their ideas on how to tackle social and environmental issues in various countries. Each team had between three and five members who came up with the ideas and put together a business plan. Our job was to grade each team on a scale of 1 to 4 in four categories:

1.  Business Potential: Have you clearly identified the need and target customer; what products and services do you intend to provide; is your project financially feasible?

2.  Social Impact Analysis: Does your business model have a social impact; do you have credible data to support your proposal; how about unintended negative consequences?

3.   Likelihood of Success: What is the likelihood of success in the business you propose?  Is your vision clearly defined with growth objectives; what is the roadmap for implementation; does it have a comparative advantage to existing players addressing the same need?

4. Presentation: How well is the proposal presented (carries minor weight)?

Each team tackled a different problem in a different country. Sun Solutions in Mauritius aimed to provide  solar panels to villages to meet electricity needs. Pharm Co. LLC. in South Africa hoped to organize independent pharmacies to join a cooperative to bring down medication costs. One Earth Designs in northern Myanmar wanted to distribute solar cookers to cut down on home pollution and deforestation.  Clean-N-East in India offered an incentive (discounts on groceries) by providing recycling bins.

Students present Clean-N-Eat recycling-for-rewards. Professor Girard is at right 

In addition to seeing how fellow students analyzed the projects, Girard wanted Lifelong Learners' input, taking advantage of our business and life experiences.

I was impressed with the students' ideas, teamwork and use of photographs, statistics, power point presentations and even a video to defend their ideas in 10 minutes. They were well-rehearsed and cool under questioning.  It made my day. 

Safety at sea

According to the Semester at Sea website, the MV Explorer is known for its safety record (touch wood). "Our excellence in emergency response procedures, such as fire or ifeboat drills, is continuously evaluated by the U.S. Coast Guard and we receive excellent ratings," the website reads. 

We have had four fire drills so far: one at the beginning of each month on what the administration calls "study days," so there is no interruption of classes. The crew has their own fire drills. People who come on at different times have fire drills. Our life jackets tell us which deck to go to. There is a roll call after we line up, four deep, to make sure everyone is where he should be.

Here, Topy and I are with our life jackets on, in our cabin waiting for the announcement to head up to Deck 5 for the fire drill. There are fire drills once a month for passengers, more often for the crew. Everyone has to be at their assigned locations, organized according to cabin numbers. The April drill took longer than expected because one student had overslept, and a crew member had to go rouse him.

"Doctor Livingstone, I presume?"

Dr. David Livingstone was the first white person to see the spectacular waterfalls situated at the border of today 's Zambia and Zimbabwe. Considered one of the seven natural wonders of the world, Livingstone named them after Queen Victoria in 1855. The falls were created by a volcanic explosion more than 150 million years ago. They stretch for a mile and are 93 meters (300 feet) deep at their highest point.

The statue of Dr. Livingstone is
always covered with a spray from the falls

Today Livingstone's statue has a commanding place overlooking the falls. Born in 1813 in Glasgow, Scotland, to a poor family, he became a physician in 1838, then came to Africa to do missionary work. He married in 1845 and became a widower 15 years later when his wife Mary, trailing him to Africa, contracted malaria in 1860. After her death, Livingstone roamed around southwest Africa, and no one knew where he was until the early 1870s when Sir Henry Morton Stanley found him and uttered the famous phrase, "Doctor Livingstone, I presume?"  By then, Livingstone, also succumbed to malaria and had lost most of his faculties. He died in 1873.

Zimbabwe has 14 million people. It was called Rhodesia until 1965, when it got its independence.  It was once among the richest countries in Africa, with gold and diamond mines and plenty of agricultural crops. Now it is one of the poorest. Unemployment is 70 percent. Life expectancy for women is 45, for men it is 41.

Robert Mugabe has been president for more than 30 years. "The first 10 years as president were pretty good," said our guide Douglas. However, during the last two decades, the economy tanked. One reason was the so-called land reform where Mugabe gave people their own plots, even though these people had no experience in farming. The other reason is widespread corruption. (Mugabe became one of the richest man in Africa.)  He is now 89, and many people say it is time he stepped down.

English is the official language even though many natives speak their tribal dialect. Harare is the capital with 4 million residents. Zimbabweans have little education and no healthcare. The HIV pandemic is one of the worst in Africa. Mugabe claimed the HIV threat was a myth, a conspiracy put forth by the West. 

Zimbabwe tries to survive through its mining industry and tourism. Thousands of visitors flock to Victoria Falls each year. The village there has 50,000 friendly residents, a small airport and a few nice hotels. We stayed at the Kingdom resort, five minutes from the falls. 

Zimbabwe gallery

Victoria Falls is called or Mosi-oa-Tunya, meaning the Smoke that Thunders, is perhaps the world's largest waterfall, located on the Zambezi River right at the border of Zimbabwe and Zambia.

During flood season, some 546 million cubic meters per minute of water from the slow-moving Zambezi River pour over the edge over a long basalt cliff, nearly two kilometers wide, into a deep gorge 100 meters below. 

We walked under this rainbow. Our clothes got soaked even with ponchos that went down to our ankles. I was pleasantly surprised my camera continued to work. 

The mist was so thick we could hardly see the top of the falls that drop down 90 feet.  

The Zambezi River that separates Zambia from Zimbabwe flows into the Indian Ocean on the east coast of Africa.

Marla Abrams of Idaho, Barbara Allison of California and I enjoy a glass of South African white wine on a cruise on the Zambezi River in Zimbabwe. 

Sunset and moonrise the on Zambezi River in Zimbabwe

Inspiring South Africa

"I learned that courage was not the absence of fear, but the triumph over it. The brave man is not he who does not feel afraid, but he who conquers that fear." -- Nelson Mandela 

The Republic of South Africa is a multi-ethnic nation of 51 million people at the southern tip of Africa. Eleven official languages are recognized in the Constitution. Two of these are of European origin: English and Afrikaans, a language which originated mainly from Dutch that is spoken by the majority of white and Coloured (or mixed) South Africans. Though English is commonly used in public and commercial life, it is only the fifth most-spoken home language.

Left: A group of Semester at Sea students and adults pose at the southern most point of South Africa

About 80 percent of the South African population is of black African ancestry, while whites and Coloured account for about 9 percent each. The remaining population is Indian and Asian. (See Wikipedia's page on demographics.) Ranked by the World Bank as an upper-middle income economy, South Africa has the highest gross domestic product in Africa and the 28th-largest in the world. It is considered a newly industrialized country.

However, about a quarter of the population is unemployed and lives on less than US $1.25 a day. In post-apartheid South Africa, unemployment has been extremely high as the country has struggled with many changes. While many blacks have risen to middle or upper classes, the overall unemployment rate of blacks worsened between 1994 and 2003. Poverty among whites, previously rare, increased. In addition, the current government has struggled to achieve the monetary and fiscal discipline to ensure both redistribution of wealth and economic growth. Since the African National Congress-led government took power, the United Nations Human Development Index of South Africa has fallen, while it was steadily rising until the mid-1990s. Some of the decline may be attributed to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, and the failure of the government to take steps to address it in the early years.

This is my third visit to Cape Town, famous for its Table Mountain (below), formed by a volcanic thrust but flattened by water millions of years ago. Hiking to the top takes four hours, while a cable car ride is 20 minutes. Because of strong winds, the cable cars were out of service the first and the last day we were in Cape Town.

South Africa is rich in natural beauty and natural resources. Boulders Beach (left), outside of Cape Town, on the coast of False Bay is the only penguin-breeding colony on the African mainland. It is within the Table Mountain National Park. The breeding season kicks off in March and lasts until May. The highly endangered African penguin is monogamous and returns to the same breeding spot each year.

The county has attracted a fair amount of foreign investors, though this is waning because of the stagnant economy and uncertain political future. It has made incredible contributions in the fields of literature, medicine and peace, recognized by Nobel committee.

Here's a little quiz: Can you name the four Nobel Peace Prize winners from South Africa?

Nelson Mandela    1993

F.W. de Klerk      1993

Desmond Tutu      1984

Albert Lutuli         1960

Other South African Nobel laureates are J. M. Coetzee, literature, 2003; Sydney Brenner,  physiology or medicine, 2002; Nadine Gordimer, literature, 1991; Allan M. Cormack, physiology or medicine, 1979.

Question #2: What is the capital of South Africa?

South Africa has three capitals: Pretoria (executive), Bloemfontein (judicial), and Cape Town (legislative). Johannesburg is the largest city.

Victoria Harbor is within a 10-minute walk from where our ship docked. It is filled with boats, shopping malls, hotels, restaurants and night clubs. It is where the rich and tourists gather. Chicago is only 13,662 kilometres from this spot.